Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Health Promotion at Tackling Coronary Health Disease Essay - 1

Wellbeing Promotion at Tackling Coronary Health Disease - Essay Example The examination discoveries accordingly uncover that to diminish the danger of CHD, it is basic for the ladies to lead a solid way of life with legitimate eating routine and include in different physical exercises. It is normally discovered that the South Asian ladies in the UK are less presented to physical exercises because of different socio-social obstructions, and the vast majority of them are unconscious of CHD and its results alongside the preventive measures. The administrations of UK are executing compelling arrangements and techniques to lessen CHD among the South Asian ladies. In any case, more collaboration is required from the legislature and the medicinal services experts in making mindfulness among these areas of the nation. Â Conclusion: The writing survey assisted with reasoning that the UK Government has been, generally, fruitful in executing successful wellbeing advancement methods to forestall CHD among South Asian ladies in the UK. Through the wellbeing advancement methods, the legislature has been making mindfulness, teaching the South Asian ladies in regards to the wellbeing perils of CHD and attempting to lessen the hazard factors related with the distinguished issue. The legislature is additionally advancing different physical exercises and a sound eating routine among South Asian ladies that would lessen the danger of CHD among this populace in the UK. The information further uncovered that there has been a fruitful reaction to the wellbeing preventive strategies and measures in handling CHD in the UK. In addition, the social based activities utilized by the administration and different associations have to a bigger degree been more viable than the instructive projects. Â

Saturday, August 22, 2020

How can Sainsburys develop an effective marketing plan to position Research Proposal

In what manner can Sainsburys build up a successful advertising intend to situate themselves in the UK SUPERMARKET - Research Proposal Example een saw that there is an absence of new participants in the market on account of financial changes and stagnation of innovative headway in the nation. In light of the information accomplished from the most recent year for example 2012, it was discovered that the income produced through the grocery store retailing section was around  £134 billion, which uncovers a normal yearly development of 1.3 percent from 2008-13 (IBIS World, 2013). This section offers work to around 945,694 individuals in the UK. As indicated by IGD Research the grocery store section played out its best in 2001, as a development of 6.5 percent was enrolled; this continued lessening from that point forward and boiled down to 3.3 percent in 2003. The market varied from that point forward and in 2011 it was recorded to be around 3.8 percent (Institute of Grocery Distribution, 2012). Tesco has the most elevated piece of the overall industry in the UK, which is around 30 percent, at that point comes Asda and J Sains bury (Grocery News, 2013). The issue explanation of this examination study is to distinguish the present status of the general store portion in the UK. So as to build up a powerful advertising arrangement for Sainsbury’s, a thorough examination of different stores would be done, particularly those which are effectively working together in the nation. The customer’s disposition would be assessed to comprehend their perspectives on grocery stores present in the UK. The target of this investigation from the start is to distinguish the current players in the market and assess the market pattern as needs be. Also, optional just as essential information would be gathered so as to comprehend the necessities and inclinations of the clients if there should be an occurrence of shopping from stores. Ultimately, a showcasing plan must be intended for a grocery store chain called Sainsbury’s, with the goal that it can viably snatch piece of the pie and be among the market heads in the UK. This investigation basically centers around structuring a powerful promoting arrangement for Sainsbury’s, with the goal that it can snatch a higher piece of the overall industry in the UK and carry on productive

Sunday, July 26, 2020

Understanding Insight and Its Role in OCD

Understanding Insight and Its Role in OCD OCD Living With OCD Print Understanding Insight and Its Role in OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 20, 2020 nullplus/Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions Insight is an important component of understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). When someone is unable to recognize or acknowledge that their OCD symptoms are irrational, it presents a major challenge for patients, treatment providers, and  family members. Heres how insight impacts the diagnosis and treatment of OCD. Levels of Insight According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), one of the diagnostic criteria for OCD is that at some point in time, a person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions they experience are “excessive or unreasonable.” Insight is the acknowledgment of the irrational nature of OCD symptoms. However, people who treat and study OCD have observed that people with the condition do not always recognize or agree that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational. In reality, it seems that insight exists on a continuum. Some people completely acknowledge that their symptoms do not make sense, while others have a very strong belief in the validity of their obsessions and compulsions. For this reason, the DSM-5 has been modified to include distinctions in levels of OCD insight, including good or fair insight, poor insight, and absent/insight delusional (a person views their OCD symptoms as completely rational and true). What Are OCD Obsessions? Insight also pertains to how a person views OCD in their day-to-day life. Someone with OCD may recognize the irrationality of their obsessions and compulsions but fail to understand or acknowledge that OCD has affected their ability to function. They may struggle at work or school and have issues with responsibilities at home that can be frustrating for family members. Children with OCD  are a unique situation as they usually dont have as much insight into their symptoms as adults do. Children simply lack the necessary life experience for a high level of insight and are often unable to grasp the irrational nature of their thoughts or behaviors. Parents and therapists can work together to help a child with OCD gain a different perspective on their symptoms. How OCD Is Different for Kids Insight Into OCD Symptoms and Treatment While there is some disagreement, poor or absent insight into OCD symptoms is thought to predict a worse response to psychological and medical treatments. Poor or absent insight can make it harder for someone with OCD to feel motivated, do the hard work that therapy requires, or stick to taking medication (especially if there are unpleasant side effects). People with poor insight may also be less likely to attend regular appointments or contact a healthcare provider at all. Common Cognitive Distortions in OCD Insight Into OCD Symptoms Can Change Insight into the excessive or unreasonable nature of obsessions and compulsions can fluctuate over time. For example, while obsessions or compulsions may at first seem completely reasonable or even helpful, a person may come to question these beliefs or behaviors over time. Insight can also change with a persons situation. For instance, while someone with OCD may be perfectly able to acknowledge that their obsessions and compulsions do not make sense while sitting in the therapists office, they may nevertheless feel they have to engage in these behaviors or thoughts when confronted with the actual feared situation. Someone with OCD may have intellectual insight but lack emotional insight. Insight into OCD symptoms and the effect they have on functioning can also change after treatment with psychotherapy or medication. However, these changes usually occur slowly and can also fluctuate over time. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Friday, May 22, 2020

What Is the Future of Humans If We Utilise All Aspects of...

Humans are on a constant quest in the search for perfection and advancement in all areas of life through progressive scientific knowledge. From such a stance, the future of humans appears boundless with all the potential possibilities biotechnology provides, but such developments will cause ethical, social and biological implications. Biotechnology, at its simplest is technology based on biology – it employs the use of cellular and bimolecular processes to develop products and technologies. The variety of living cells used for their biochemical talents range from simple singled-cells bacteria and yeast to complex multi-cellular organisms, such as plants and humans. Over the years, biotechnology has been a rapidly developing area of†¦show more content†¦The progression of cloning technology could prove to be of great use to humans in the future. Further experiments on cloning will add to the understanding of genetics and lead to the production of animals organs that can be accepted by humans. Theoretically cloning could eliminate all problems regard organ transplants by producing animals that can act as suitable organ donors. More extensive cloning processes could also provide a solution for the world’s food inequity problems. Stronger, more resistant plants could be cultivated in large amoun ts through means provided by cloning techniques. The same idea could be applied to livestock, where common diseases can be eradicated to create stronger breeds. While there appears to be many advantages for the continuation of cloning research, there are other drawbacks that may negatively impact the society in the future. Cloning may reduce genetic variability by producing populations that have the same genetic make-up. This population would be susceptible to the same diseases and could potentially be wiped out by a single strain of virus. Such a result could be catastrophic and devastate entire nations. Cloning in human would inevitably lead to testings on human subjects and genetic tailoring of offspring. It is plausible that scientists could alter genetic coding to produce a baby with desirable traits resulting in a ‘perfect human’ with heightened senses and sub-normal intelligence. There have been no occurrences toShow MoreRelatedThe technology of Australian time The bionic Ear1000 Words   |  4 Pagesauditory sensations to progressively become closer to sounding like normal speech. What is the Bionic Ear? The Bionic Ear, which is an artificial hearing device, intended to directly stimulate the implant recipient’s auditory nerve. It is implanted surgically into the ear, and is activated by a device that is worn outside of the user’s body. The purpose of the Bionic Ear is to bypass the normal hearing mechanism within the human ear and convert speech and sounds into signals that are sent to the hearingRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )3392 Words   |  14 Pagesmitochondria are impaired, then we will receive less energy. For this reason, L-Carnitine was suggested as a potential treatment to help improve mitochondrial function in patients with an ASD. It is therefore hoped that, when dosage is figured out, that Levocarnitine could prove effective in lowering the aspects of an ASD. Levocarnitine works by providing the body with extra carnitine within the blood. ‘Carnitine is a substance made in the body, and helps the body to utilise certain chemicals for e nergy’Read MoreSocial Legal and Economic Impact of Ebusiness in Ireland13799 Words   |  56 Pages10-15 years. Within these areas, they have been broken down into the positive and negative aspects although in some cases, relevant points have both positive and negative aspects to them so I choose between them rather than duplicating a topic. Research Methods The following approach was taken to produce this assignment and evolved over the course of its development to now become standard practice for all future assignments. 1. Produce Mindmap of subject area which will define scope of research forRead MoreEngineering Ethics in Practice: a Guide for Engineers18096 Words   |  73 Pagesof Engineering ISBN 1-903496-73-X August 2011 Published by The Royal Academy of Engineering 3 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DG Tel: 020 7766 0600 www.raeng.org.uk Registered Charity Number: 293074 This is an abridged version of a full guide available online at: www.raeng.org.uk/ethicsinpractice Contents 1 2 Foreword and introduction Accuracy and rigour 2.1 Case study: Ensuring others are not misled 2.2. Further case studies Honesty and integrity 3.1 Case study: Preventing corruption 3.2Read MoreStrategic Management for Ikea12190 Words   |  49 Pagesmanager of IKEA to identify the macro environmental factor of a firm that affect the formulation of the business strategy. It can also help to forecast the how the macro environmental factor affect the current business performance of the firm as well as future. For example, Political issue and economic issue is an important macro environment factor that have to be consider by IKEA while formulate the strategy. There are 6 macro environmental factors in PESTEL Framework that is Political factor, EconomicalRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 PagesResponsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Doctoral dissertation the international institute for industrial environmental economics Lund University, Sweden  IIIEE DISSERTATIONS 2009:2  Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Beatrice KOGG DoctoralRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesEducation is not responsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pages53 Business review This discusses our ï ¬ nancial and non-ï ¬ nancial activities, resources, development and performance during 2010 and outlines the factors, including the trends and the principal risks and uncertainties, which are likely to affect future development. Governance and remuneration This discusses our management structures and governance procedures. It also sets out the remuneration policies operated for our Directors and Corporate Executive Team members. Financial statements The ï ¬ nancialRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages(or speciï ¬ cally written) to provide readers with a core of cases which, together, cover most of the main issues in the text. As such, they should provide a useful backbone to a programme of study but could sensibly be supplemented by other material. We have provided a mixture of longer and shorter cases to increase the ï ¬â€šexibility for teachers. Combined with the illustrations and the short case ex amples at the end of each chapter (in both versions of the book) this increases the reader’s and tutor’s

Friday, May 8, 2020

Soccers Lack of Success in the U.S. Essay - 662 Words

Soccers Lack of Success in the U.S. Soccer, or football, which the rest of the world outside of the United States calls it, is surely the most popular sport in the world. Every four years, the world championships of soccer, the World Cup, is watched by literally billions all over the world, beating out the Untied States professional football’s Super Bowl by far. It is estimated that 1.7 billion television viewers watched the World Cup final between France and Brazil in July of 1998. And it is also a genuine world championship, involving teams from 32 countries in the final rounds, unlike America’s baseball World Series that involves only the United States. But although soccer has become an†¦show more content†¦Anyone who has attended a live football game knows how commercial time-outs slow the game and sometimes, at its most exciting moments, disrupt the flow of events. There is no doubt that without television definitely would not stay the same in the homes and hearts of Americans. Also, with out the money from advertising, the teams couldn’t afford the sky-high salaries of their superstars. Soccer, on the other hand, except for its halftime break, has no time-outs and is constant run, run, run, back and forth, relentlessly, with only a few seconds of relaxation when a goal is scored, and that happens two or 3 times in a normal game, sometimes never scoring in a game. The best that commercial television can hope for is an injury timeout and that is only when a player is very seriously injured. Another reason is Americans love their violence, and soccer doesn’t have the violence that American football and soccer have. There is some violence, yes, but Americans can’t expect the the bone-crushing hits in football, and the knockout punch fights in hockey, game after game. In soccer, players are actually singled out and warned with embarrassing â€Å"yellow cards† for acts of violenceShow MoreRelatedGillette? Why Innovation May Not Be Enough5573 Words   |  23 Pagescompetitive, but mature, razor and blade market, Gillette holds a commanding worldwide market share. The peak of its innovation occurred in 2006 with the introduction of the Fusion 5-bladed razor. Today, innovation in razors and blades is thwarted by a lack of new technology and increasing consumer reluctance to pay for the â€Å"latest and greatest† in shaving technology. Gillette must decide how to put the razor wars behind them and maintain or increase its share of the global razo r market. Themes: ProductRead MoreDeveloping Countries Mega Events5254 Words   |  22 PagesCriteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..P22 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P24 Introduction Traditionally ‘Mega’ sports events such as the World Cup and the Summer Olympic Games have been reserved for highly developed countries such as The U.S, U.K, France and Spain. The only developing nations to host the World Cup in its 76 years’ history are Brazil (who have a rich soccer tradition), their South American neighbors Chile, Uruguay and Argentina, and Mexico, who hosted the FIFA World Cup

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

For Points Free Essays

Well, we could provide more Saint Schools and those who feel like completing their first to 10th grade education through such schools are welcome to Join. We already have such schools in India and we can build some more. Military Training instill a sense of pride, nationalism, and patriotism I think the Army Cadet Force should be more advertised for the benefit of adults and kids. We will write a custom essay sample on For Points or any similar topic only for you Order Now It teaches discipline and respect for yourself as well as for others. As an adult you can obtain training and play a part in courses while you can help to teach your cadets. Our kids are brilliant and love what they do, when you watch them grow and learn it is so rewarding. I believe it would be a beneficial way of solving a lot of societies issues, it provides young adults the experience and discipline that they tend to be lacking in this day and age. It would provide people the opportunity to learn trades and/or get money to help pay for collage which Is quickly outpacing many families ability to pay. I believe it is probably even more Important for the social elite which would seek to find some exemption mostly so they can see how the world works without all the effluence that surrounds them. One more reasons to make this compulsory Is very few of normal citizens know what the soldiers sitting at the border or In a war actually do? They are not known to the hardships they have to face, and If this training Is made compulsory, then obviously including the cadets, their families would get to know about It.. We are taught so many things about the army, the techniques used In a war, also a part of the military training.. Now this Is not a much longer program, so many of you may think that what knowledge could we get In days.. But If you see It somewhat practically, then 5 says Is not that less even, because military training Is not about getting completely Into It for which we need a lot of time, but Its about our knowledge of the army, of their ways, tactics and precautions one has to make. SO for that 5 days are not that less even. It’s not that youth don’t need training – they do. And some of the squalliest that military training gives – telephone, working for and In a group, fitness, energy are all useful to make them more capable so they can lead more meaningful productive lives and contribute to the overall success productivity of their implies land. We need more trained teachers, doctors, social activists, engineers, entrepreneurs†¦ He list Is endless. We need more roads, more schools, more food, more electricity, more water, more houses†¦ This list Is endless too. Trained educated youth would contribute to the removal of poverty and distress – first for them selves – and then for their society. When unattended these cause violent uprisings which are then suppressed by the military. For Points Essay By arunthakur007 help pay for collage which is quickly outpacing many families ability to pay. I believe it is probably even more important for the social elite which would seek to One more reasons to make this compulsory is very few of normal citizens know what the soldiers sitting at the border or in a war actually do? They are not known to the hardships they have to face, and if this training is made compulsory, then obviously including the cadets, their families would get to know about it.. We are taught so many things about the army, the techniques used in a war, also a part of the military training.. Now this is not a much longer program, so many of you may think that hat knowledge could we get in days.. But if you see it somewhat practically, then 5 days is not that less even, because military training is not about getting completely into it for which we need a lot of time, but its about our knowledge of the army, of It’s not that youth don’t need training – they do. And some of the qualities that military training gives – discipline, working for and in a group, fitness, energy are all engineers, entrepreneurs†¦ The list is endless. We need more roads, more schools, more food, more electricity, more water, more houses†¦ This list is endless too. How to cite For Points, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Power in Employee Relation

Introduction Kelly (1998, p. 88) notes that ‘power is perhaps the most widely used concept in the field of industrial relations, yet little research on the subject of power either theoretically or empirically has been done, â€Å"†¦.to the extent that it now represents a major theoretical lacuna (gap) within the discipline (Kirkbride 1985, p. 44).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rose (2004, p. 6) defines power as â€Å"†¦ the extent to which one party to a relationship can compel the other to do something he otherwise would not do voluntarily†. Employment relationships, according to Rose (2004, p. 8) it refers to â€Å"†¦the study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of substantive and procedural issues at organizational and work place levels.† The paper critically examines the importance and implications of power in employment relationships, its comparison to policy and the inherent conflicts. Literature Review The players in employee relations theory include employers and managers, employer representatives, employees and workers, employee representatives, the state, its agencies and other supra -national bodies. Faber Dunlop (1958, p. 28) pioneered the systems approach’. He defines it as a sub system within the industrial society. â€Å"†¦an analytical subsystem of society†. By this definition, power becomes a consequence of distribution of power in a bigger society. Kirkbride (1985, p. 47) criticizes this definition on three grounds: it ignores any critical investigation into the processes of power within industrial relations. The system’s approach rejects the importance of behavioral processes in favor of structural processes (102). Furthermore, the system’s a pproach creates a possibility of conflict within the industrial relations because it does not recognize opposition (Poole 1981, p. 75).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unitary theory assumes that there is no possibility of opposition because the organization body is viewed as one integrated family, bound together by the values of the organization. Power as a concept is neglected by the unitary approach (Kirkbride 1985, p. 46). Action theory gives recognition to the theory of power in industrial relations â€Å"†¦it focuses on the relative power of the parties in the exchange relationship† Kirkbride (1985, p. 45). Though it lacks a definite form, two branches of analysis are clear, analysis of decision making of the various players in the industrial relations framework and of the interaction between the players. However, it fails to elaborate how an agreement is r eached during the bargaining process. It has restricted focus on the negotiating table. The major strong point of the action theory is that it focuses on behavioral theory. Because of the inherent weakness on the negotiation table, it does neglect the possibility of conflict within the different organizations in the industrial relations frame work (Clarke 1977b, p. 109). Pluralist theory assumes distinct sectional groups within an organization, each with competing interests. Through joint regulation or collective bargaining, Flanders (1970, p. 19) argues that the diverse and competing interests can be regulated. Hyman (1975, p. 69), argues that pluralist focus on regulation conceals the firmness of power in the process of industrial relations. He asserts that employment relationship â€Å"†¦can never be frozen in a single rule.† However, it is rather dynamic and changing. The Marxist Perspective emphasizes the issue of power (Glaser Strauss 1967, p. 71). According to th e Marxist, since the capital owners own the means of production, they have more wealth and therefore have advantage over the suppliers of labor. When there is a larger pool of labor, capital is at an advantage because the labor supply exceeds its demand, the labor price is low. Hyman (1975, p. 72) observes, â€Å"It is true that the possession of scarce skills, or the existence of a tight labor market may help lessen the imbalance. Hyman (1975, p. 75) observes â€Å"for a while the powers of the employer are enormous he is at the same time dependent on his labor force.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital may be dependent upon labour in a number of ways; the Marxist position points that the relationship between capital and labor may continuously fluctuate. The Marxist perspective offers a useful perspective into the analysis of power and emp loyee relations. However, his view of power as a zero-sum game phenomenon and failure to develop power at micro level attract criticism (Kirkbride 1985, p. 47). Discussion Employment relations is the contemporary term for industrial relations, the theoretical perspectives and the way their points of view can has been discussed in the literature reviews. Modern management approaches today strike a balance between unitary and pluralism. The approach chosen depends on the employee relations’ climate. When trade union power is low, management makes the decision, when union power is high, then negotiation and consultation are adopted (Purcell Sisson 1983, p. 210). The bargaining power of the unions can be estimated based on membership density, strike frequency statistics, bargaining outcomes, structural factors and leadership. The 21 century has witnessed a decline in both union strength and influence due to the shift from manufacturing to services in the developed world. The sma ller workspace in the service sector has hindered union organization and recruitment. Even though, employees still have a voice- â€Å"a whole variety of processes and structures which enable and at a times empower, employees, directly and indirectly to contribute to decision making in the firm† (Boxall Purcell 2003, p. 162). The employees can air their voice formally and informally, directly or through representation, collectively or individually depending on the intention. Some forms of employee voices are bottom-up arising from a desire among the employees to be listened to. In most cases however, management often initiates the modalities for employee voice either out of pressure from employees or as a strategy to be more inclusive. Dundon Rollinson (2007, p. 121) call the difference between how much influence employees report have over management decisions and how much influence they would like to have, the â€Å"representative gap†.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wilkinson et al. (2004, p. 306) acknowledged four categories of employee involvement and participation that give employees varying levels of power in their work places; downward communication, upward problem solving, representative participation, and financial participation. Downward communication is a top- down strategy communication from management to employees, for example, through newsletters, notice boards among others. It does not give the employees much power. Upward problem solving empowers the employees to improve work processes. They suggest solutions to specific problems and this gives them great possession over decisions. Under representative participation, the employees’ interest are represented by their leaders (elected workers representatives) (McBride 2004, p. 82). It provides employees with some degree of influence over a number of issues such as work councils and advisory councils. Trade union representation often has a greater power over decisions because f ailure to respect employees views can result in industrial action. Collective bargaining, refer to joint regulation of specific aspects of the employment relationship between employers and recognized trade union representatives (Faber Dunlop 1958, p. 56). Workers capitalize on their solidarity that gives them a stronger bargaining position against management. They focus on substantive issues like payment and conditions of work. Finally, according to Marchington et al. (1992, p. 63), financial participation, allows the employees to have financial share in the firm. Strauss (2006) asserts that financial participation compliments voice initiatives. It seeks to develop long term relationships between the employees and their employer by linking the overall firms success with an individual reward. They include employee share ownership, sharing of profits and payment of bonuses. In conclusion, it is clear that the concept of power in employee relation has evolved over time. List of Refere nces Clarke, J., 1977b. Workers in the Tyneside Shipyards in McCord, N. (Ed) (1977) Essays in Tyneside Labour. History. Newcastle: Department of Humanities. Dundon, T., and Rollinson D. 2007. Understanding Employment Relations. McGraw Hill: Maidenhead. Faber, F., and Dunlop J., 1958. Industrial Relations Systems. New York: Holt. Flanders, A 1970, Management and Unions: The Theory and Reform of Industrial Relations. Glaser, B., and Strauss A. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine. Hyman, R. 1975. Industrial relations: A Marxist introduction. London: Macmillan. Kelly, J., 1998. Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves. London: Routledge. Kirkbride, P. 1985. Power in industrial relations research. Industrial Relations Journal, vol.16, pp. 44-56. McBride, J. 2004. Renewal or resilience? the persistence of shop steward organization in the Tyneside maritime construction industry. London: Capital Class. Poole, M., 1981. Theories of Trade Unionism: A Sociology of Industrial Relations. Routledge Kegan Paul. Rose, E. 1994. The Disorganized Paradigm British Industrial Relations in the 1990s. Employee Relations, vol. 16, no.1, pp. 27-40. Wilkinson, A et al. 2004. Changing patterns of employee voice: Case studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland. The Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.46 no.3 pp. 298–322. This essay on Power in Employee Relation was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.